Early Christian Beliefs About Fornication
Early Christian writers taught that fornication was a serious sin and that believers should turn from it. Hermas, Justin Martyr, Theophilus of Antioch, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and Cyprian all connect purity with Christian life. Bible passages such as 1 Corinthians 6:18, Galatians 5:19, Ephesians 5:3, and 1 Thessalonians 4:3 are used often to back that teaching. Some writers also apply the warning to lust, adultery, and unfaithfulness in marriage.
123 early-church witnesses · 195 source quotations · compared with Scripture
What did early Christians believe about fornication?
Early Christian writers taught that fornication was a serious sin that Christians had to avoid, not a minor mistake. Hermas, Justin Martyr, Theophilus of Antioch, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Cyprian, and the Apostolic Constitutions all warn against it, often tying it to chastity, purity, and the need to live in holiness.
Many writers also connect fornication with adultery, lust, uncleanness, and exclusion from the kingdom of God, using Bible passages such as 1 Corinthians 6:18, Galatians 5:19, Ephesians 5:3, Hebrews 13:4, and 1 Thessalonians 4:3. The evidence is broad and strong across the early centuries, though some later texts push into related topics like marriage, celibacy, or symbolic uses of the word.
A few cards are only indirect or use the term in background ways, so the main view stays focused on direct moral teaching. Many more early Christian quotations, Bible passages, and source links are gathered below so you can study the evidence for yourself.
Key Takeaways
- Early Christians treated fornication as a grave sin that belonged with adultery, lust, and uncleanness.
- Hermas and Theophilus warn that purity includes the heart and not just outward acts.
- Tertullian and Cyprian use 1 Corinthians 6:18 to stress that fornication harms the body and keeps people from God.
- The strongest evidence is direct and repeated across several early Christian writers.
Questions Answered by the Sources
Did early Christians teach that fornication is a sin?
Multiple early Christian writers quote or echo Scripture to say fornication is sinful and must be avoided. The Bible cards directly state that fornication is a work of the flesh, against holiness, and something that keeps people from inheriting the kingdom of God.
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Justin Martyr, The First Apology Direct teaching
And thus do we also, since our persuasion by the Word, stand aloof from them (i.e., the demons), and follow the only unbegotten God through His Son —we who formerly delighted in fornication, but now embrace chastity alone;
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Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor (Paedagogus) Direct teaching
fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, and concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry: for which things' sake comes the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience, Colossians 3:5-6 cries the apostle.
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Tertullian, On Modesty Direct teaching
...y sin which a human being may have committed is extraneous to the body; but whoever fornicates sins against his own body." And, lest you should run to that statement as a license for fornication, on the ground that you will be sinning against something that is yours, not the Lord's, he takes you away from yourself, and awards you, according to his previous disposition, to Christ: "And you are not your own," immediately adding, "for you were bought with a price"—that is, with the blood of the Lord—"glorify and extol the Lord in your body." See whether the one who gives this command is likely to have pardoned one who has disgraced the Lord, and has cast Him down from the empire of his body, and this indeed through incest. If you wish to take in fully all knowledge of the apostle, so as to understand with what an axe of censure he lops off, uproots, and tears out every forest of lusts, lest he allow anything to recover strength and sprout again, look at him desiring souls to keep a fast from the lawful fruit of nature, I mean, marriage: "But concerning what you wrote, it is good for a man to have no contact with a woman; but, on account of fornication, let each one have his own wif
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Cyprian, Treatises Direct teaching
...that you would. Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these: adulteries, fornications, uncleanness, lustfulness, idolatry, witchcraft, murders, hatred, quarrels, jealousies, anger, strife, seditions, divisions, heresies, envyings, drunkenness, revelries, and such like: of which I tell you beforehand, as I have also told you in times past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. But the fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace, magnanimity, goodness, faith, gentleness, self-control, chastity." Galatians 5:17-22 And therefore we make this our prayer every day, yes, in continual supplications: that the will of God concerning us should be done both in heaven and on earth. Because this is the will of God: that earthly things should give way to heavenly things, and that spiritual and divine things should prevail.
More related quotations from this section 20 shown
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Colossians 3:5 Direct teaching
Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry:
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Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Constitutions Direct teaching
And fornication is the destruction of one's own flesh, not being made use of for the procreation of children, but entirely for the sake of pleasure, which is a mark of incontinency, and not a sign of virtue.
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Didache, Connection to Exodus 20:13-14 Direct teaching
You shall not commit murder, you shall not commit adultery, Exodus 20:13-14 you shall not commit pederasty, you shall not commit fornication, you shall not steal, Exodus 20:15 you shall not practice magic, you shall not practice witchcraft, you shall not murder a child by abortion nor kill that which is begotten.
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Barnabas, The Epistle of Barnabas Direct teaching
Thou shalt not commit fornication: thou shalt not commit adultery: thou shalt not be a corrupter of youth.
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Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Constitutions Direct teaching
But adultery and fornication are against the law;
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Irenaeus, Against Heresies: Book III Supporting witness
...ing to God. Instead, we should instruct them to abstain from the worthless practices of idols, from fornication, from blood, and from doing to others what they would not want done to themselves.” When these things were said, and all agreed, they wrote the following message: “The apostles and the elders, to the Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia, greetings. We have heard that some people from among us have disturbed you with their teachings, unsettling your souls by saying you must be circumcised and keep the law, though we gave them no such instructions. It seemed good to us, being in agreement, to send chosen men to you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, men who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. We have sent Judas and Silas to tell you our decision through their own words. It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us not to burden you with anything beyond these essential requirements: to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from sexual immorality, and from doing to others what you would not want done to you. If you keep yourselves free from these, you will do well, walking in the Holy Spirit.” From these passages, it is c
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Cyprian, Epistles Supporting witness
...come to you, I shall mourn over many of those who have already sinned, and have not repented of the uncleanness and fornication and lust which they have committed," 2 Corinthians 12:21.
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Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Constitutions Supporting witness
61. If there be an accusation against a Christian for fornication, or adultery, or any other forbidden action, and he be convicted, let him not be promoted into the clergy.
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Ephesians 4:19 Supporting witness
Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness.
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Cyprian, Treatises Supporting witness
adulteries, fornications, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, murders, hatred, variance, emulations, wraths, strife, seditions, dissensions, heresies, envyings, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in times past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God.
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Cyprian, Epistles Supporting witness
the former, a violator of the matrimonial tie of another, or entering a brothel, into the sink and filthy gulf of the common people, has befouled by detestable impurity a sanctified body and God's temple, as says the apostle: Every sin that a man does is without the body, but he that commits fornication sins against his own body.
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Cyprian, Connection to 1 Corinthians 6:18 Supporting witness
That the sin of fornication is grievous. In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: "Every sin whatsoever a man doeth is outside the body; but he who committeth fornication sinneth against his own body. Ye are not your own, for ye are bought with a great price. Glorify and bear the Lord in your body."
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Tertullian, On Exhortation to Chastity Supporting witness
and accordingly the virgin's is the principal sanctity, because it is free from affinity with fornication.
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Cyprian, Epistles Supporting witness
putting off fornication, uncleanness, and evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which are the service of idols: for which things' sake comes the wrath of God.
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Barnabas, Connection to Galatians 5:19 Supporting witness
murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, magic arts, witchcrafts... jealousy, over-confidence, loftiness, boastfulness.
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Irenaeus, Connection to Colossians 3:5 Supporting witness
"Fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence; and covetousness, which is idolatry."
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Hermas, Connection to 1 Peter 4:3 Supporting witness
""Hear," says he: "from adultery and fornication, from unlawful revelling,
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Hermas, The Shepherd (Pastor) Supporting witness
I charge you, said he, to guard your chastity, and let no thought enter your heart of another man's wife, or of fornication, or of similar iniquities;
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Tertullian, Apology Supporting witness
...an obstinate refusal to offer sacrifices, he found in their religious services nothing but meetings early in the morning for singing hymns to Christ and God, and sealing their way of life by a united pledge to remain faithful to their religion, forbidding murder, adultery, dishonesty, and other crimes. In reply, Trajan wrote back that Christians were by no means to be sought out. But if they were brought before him, they should be punished. O miserable deliverance. Under the necessities of the case, it is a self-contradiction. It forbids them to be sought out, as innocent, and it commands them to be punished, as guilty. It is at once merciful and cruel. It passes by, and it punishes. Why do you play this game of evasion with yourself, O Judgment? If you condemn, why do you not also inquire? If you do not inquire, why do you not also absolve? Military stations are set throughout all the provinces for tracking robbers. Against traitors and public enemies every man is a soldier. Search is made even for their confederates and accessories. The Christian alone must not be sought, though he may be brought and accused before the judge, as if a search had any other end than that! And so
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Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Constitutions Supporting witness
But we do not say this about that mixing which is against nature, or about any unlawful practice, because such things are hostility to God. The sin of Sodom is against nature, and so is intercourse with brute beasts. But adultery and fornication are against the law. One is impiety, the other injustice, and, in short, both are a great sin. Yet neither kind is without its punishment in its own nature. For those who practice the first kind try to bring about the ruin of the world, and they try to change the natural order of things into one that is unnatural. But those of the second kind, the adulterers, act unjustly by corrupting other people's marriages and dividing into two what God has made one. They make the children open to suspicion and expose the true husband to the plots of others. And fornication is the ruin of one's own flesh, since it is not used for the bringing forth of children, but entirely for pleasure, which is a mark of lack of self-control and not a sign of virtue. All these things are forbidden by the laws, for the oracles say this: "You shall not lie with a male as with a woman. For such a person is accursed, and you shall stone them with stones; they have committ
Did early Christians say purity includes the heart and thoughts?
The sources do not limit sexual purity to outward behavior. They warn against lust in the heart and eyes, and they present chastity as a condition of inward purity and self-control.
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1 Corinthians 6:18 Direct teaching
Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body.
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Galatians 5:19 Direct teaching
Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness,
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Ephesians 5:3 Direct teaching
But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not be once named among you, as becometh saints;
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1 Thessalonians 4:3 Direct teaching
For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication:
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Hebrews 13:4 Direct teaching
Marriage is honorable among all, and the bed undefiled; but fornicators and adulterers God will judge.
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1 Corinthians 7:2 Direct teaching
Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own husband.
More related quotations from this section 9 shown
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1 Corinthians 7:5 Supporting witness
Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.
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1 Timothy 1:10 Supporting witness
For whoremongers, for them that defile themselves with mankind, for menstealers, for liars, for perjured persons, and if there be any other thing that is contrary to sound doctrine;
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1 Peter 4:3 Supporting witness
For the time past of our life may suffice us to have wrought the will of the Gentiles, when we walked in lasciviousness, lusts, excess of wine, revellings, banquetings, and abominable idolatries:
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1 Corinthians 5:1 Supporting witness
It is actually reported that there is sexual immorality among you, and of a kind that is not tolerated even among pagans, for a man has his father's wife.
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Ephesians 5:5 Supporting witness
For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.
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1 Corinthians 10:8 Supporting witness
Nor let us commit sexual immorality, as some of them did, and in one day twenty-three thousand fell;
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1 Corinthians 6:16 Supporting witness
Or do you not know that he who is joined to a harlot is one body with her? For “the two,” He says, “shall become one flesh.”
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Romans 1:24 Supporting witness
Therefore God also gave them up to uncleanness, in the lusts of their hearts, to dishonor their bodies among themselves,
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1 Thessalonians 4:4 Supporting witness
That every one of you should know how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour;
Did early Christians distinguish fornication from lawful marriage?
These sources distinguish lawful marriage from unlawful sexual conduct and present marriage as honorable. Some texts explicitly contrast nuptial intercourse with other intercourse, while others say marriage is permitted and does not sin.
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Hermas, The Shepherd (Pastor) Supporting witness
He said, "I charge you to guard your chastity, and let no thought enter your heart about another man's wife, or about fornication, or about similar iniquities. For by doing this you commit a great sin. But if you always remember your own wife, you will never sin. For if this thought enters your heart, then you will sin. And if, in the same way, you think other wicked thoughts, you commit sin. For this thought is a great sin in a servant of God. But if anyone commits this wicked deed, he works death for himself. Attend, therefore, and refrain from this thought. For where purity dwells, iniquity ought not to enter the heart of a righteous man." I said to him, "Sir, permit me to ask you a few questions." "Say on," he said. And I said to him, "Sir, if anyone has a wife who trusts in the Lord, and if he discovers her in adultery, does the man sin if he continues to live with her?" And he said to me, "As long as he remains ignorant of her sin, the husband commits no transgression in living with her. But if the husband knows that his wife has gone astray, and if the woman does not repent, but persists in her fornication, and yet the husband continues to live with her, he also is guilty of
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Theophilus of Antioch, To Autolycus Supporting witness
About chastity, the holy word teaches us not only not to sin by our actions, but not even in our thoughts. We must not even think any evil in our hearts, or look at another man's wife with lust in our eyes. So Solomon, who was a king and a prophet, said, "Let your eyes look straight ahead, and let your eyelids look directly before you. Make straight paths for your feet." Proverbs 4:25 And the voice of the Gospel teaches even more strongly about chastity, saying, "Whoever looks at a woman who is not his own wife, in order to lust after her, has already committed adultery with her in his heart." Matthew 5:28 And, the Gospel says, "He who marries a woman divorced from her husband commits adultery. And whoever puts away his wife, except for the cause of fornication, causes her to commit adultery." Matthew 5:32 Because Solomon says, "Can a man carry fire in his bosom and his clothes not be burned? Or can someone walk on hot coals and his feet not be burned? So he who goes in to a married woman will not be innocent." Proverbs 6:27-29
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Lactantius, The Divine Institutes Direct teaching
...ed with no defilement, the principle of purity still does not remain if the mind is impure. Nor can chastity seem untouched where desire has stained the conscience. And no one should think that it is difficult to put reins on pleasure, and to shut it in, wandering and straying as it is, within the bounds of chastity and purity, since it is possible for people even to conquer it. Very many have kept the blessed and uncorrupted purity of the body, and many there are who enjoy this heavenly kind of life most happily. God did not command this in a harsh way, as though He were binding men, since human beings must be begotten, but rather as allowing it. For He knows how great a necessity He has laid on these feelings. He says, "If anyone can do this, he will have an excellent and incomparable reward." This kind of self-restraint is like the highest peak and the completion of all virtues. If anyone can strive and struggle toward it, the master will recognize him as a servant, and the teacher will recognize him as a disciple. He will triumph over the earth. He will be like God, because he has received the virtue of God. These things do seem difficult. But we are speaking of the one for
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Lactantius, The Epitome of the Divine Institutes Direct teaching
...e or a slave, is just as much an adulterer and impure. But just as a woman is bound by the bonds of chastity not to desire any other man, so the husband must be bound by the same law, since God has joined the husband and wife together in the union of one body. For this reason, He has commanded that a wife must not be sent away unless she is found guilty of adultery, and that the bond of the marriage covenant must never be broken unless unfaithfulness has broken it. This also is added to complete chastity: there must be an absence not only of the sinful act, but even of the thought of it. For it is clear that the mind is polluted by desire, even when it is not carried out. So a just man ought neither to do, nor to want to do, what is unjust. Therefore the conscience must be cleansed, for God, who cannot be deceived, examines it. The heart must be cleared from every stain, so that it may be a temple of God, lit not by the shine of gold or ivory, but by the brightness of faith and purity.
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Hermas, The Shepherd (Pastor) Direct teaching
...n greater honor and glory with the Lord. But if they marry, they do not sin." Therefore, guard your chastity and purity, and you will live to God. Keep the commandments that I now give you, and that I am going to give you, from now on, yes, from the very day when you were entrusted to me, and I will dwell in your house. And your former sins will be forgiven, if you keep my commandments. And all will be forgiven who keep these commandments of mine and walk in this chastity.
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Hermas, The Shepherd (Pastor) Supporting witness
When, therefore, he ascends into your heart, immediately he talks to you of righteousness, purity, chastity, contentment, and of every righteous deed and glorious virtue.
More related quotations from this section 1 shown
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Hermas, The Shepherd (Pastor) Supporting witness
..."They are daughters of each other. One of them is called Simplicity, another Guilelessness, another Chastity, another Intelligence, and another Love. When you do all the works of their mother, you will be able to live." I said, "I would like to know, Lady, what power each one of them has." She said, "Hear what power they have. Their powers are arranged by each other, and they follow each other in the order of their birth. For from Faith comes Self-restraint; from Self-restraint, Simplicity; from Simplicity, Guilelessness; from Guilelessness, Chastity; from Chastity, Intelligence; and from Intelligence, Love. So the deeds of these are pure, chaste, and divine. Whoever gives himself to these, and is able to hold firmly to their works, will have his dwelling in the tower with the saints of God." Then I asked her about the ages, whether the end was now coming. She cried out in a loud voice, "Foolish man! Do you not see that the tower is still being built? When the tower is finished and built, then the end comes. And I assure you, it will be finished soon. Ask me no more questions. Let you and all the saints be content with what I have called to your remembrance, and with my renewing
Did early Christians exclude fornication from church life and leadership?
Some sources show fornication as a matter of church discipline, not just private morality. They speak of excluding the sexually immoral from fellowship or from clergy, and of repentance and baptism for those turning from sexual sin.
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Apostolic Constitutions, Apostolic Constitutions Supporting witness
...rd one's neighbor. I mean robbery, violence, or anything contrary to His righteousness, adultery or fornication. Therefore, beloved, avoid and reject such observances, for they are heathen. For we do not hate a dead man as they do, since we hope that he will live again. Nor do we hate lawful union, for it is they who act impiously in such matters. For the union of husband and wife, if it is with righteousness, agrees with the mind of God. For He who made them in the beginning made them male and female, and He blessed them and said, "Increase and multiply, and fill the earth," Matthew 19:4; Genesis 1:28. If, therefore, the difference of the sexes was made by the will of God for the producing of many people, then the union of male and female must also be acceptable to His mind.
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Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata (Miscellanies) Direct teaching
...rried, he rightly says that if she marries, he does not sin. But each person, whether he has chosen chastity, or whether he has joined himself in marriage for the begetting of children, must firmly remain in his own purpose and not turn aside to what is worse. For if he is able to increase and intensify the pattern of life he has chosen, he gains greater honor with God because of pure self-control that comes from reason. But if he goes beyond the rule he chose, he will then fall back into a lesser hope of glory. For just as chastity has its own duties and ministries, marriage also has its own duties and ministries that belong to the Lord. I mean the care of children and of a wife. For what properly occupies the man who is complete in marriage is the marriage bond itself, so that he may show care and foresight for everyone in the common household. Therefore, he says, bishops ought to be appointed from those who have first trained themselves in ruling their own house, so that they may also be able to preside over the whole Church. So then, each person, in whatever calling he was called, as 1 Corinthians 7:24 says, must carry out his ministry in deed, so that he may become free in
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Tertullian, To His Wife Supporting witness
If these things are so, it is certain that believers contracting marriages with Gentiles are guilty of fornication, and are to be excluded from all communication with the brotherhood, in accordance with the letter of the apostle, who says that with persons of that kind there is to be no taking of food even.
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Tertullian, On Modesty Supporting witness
So, too, whoever enjoys any other than nuptial intercourse, in whatever place, and in the person of whatever woman, makes himself guilty of adultery and fornication.
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Lactantius, The Divine Institutes Direct teaching
I have not yet carried out everything required by the duty of chastity. God limits this not only within private walls, but also to the lawful bounds of the marriage bed, so that when a man has a wife, he should not also want to have either a female slave or a free woman besides her, but should keep faith in marriage. For according to human law, only the woman is an adulteress if she has another man, while the husband, even if he has several women, is freed from the charge of adultery. But the divine law joins the two in marriage with equal right, since it is one body, so that whoever has torn apart the union of that body in different directions is judged an adulterer. And for no other reason did God, although He made the other living creatures resist the males after conception, make woman alone among them all receptive to the man. This was clearly so that, if women resisted, lust would force men to desire something else, and by doing so they would not keep the glory of chastity. But neither would a woman gain the virtue of modesty if she were not able to sin. For who would call a dumb animal modest, when after conception it resists the male? It does this because it must come into p
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Ignatius, Epistle to the Philadelphians (Long Version) Supporting witness
...ony in Christ. Wives, be subject to your husbands in the fear of God; and you virgins, to Christ in purity, not regarding marriage as an abomination, but desiring that which is better, not for the reproach of wedlock, but for the sake of meditating on the law. Children, obey your parents, and have affection for them, as workers together with God for your birth into the world. Servants, be subject to your masters in God, that you may be the freed-men of Christ. Husbands, love your wives, as fellow-servants of God, as your own body, as the partners of your life, and your co-workers in the procreation of children. Virgins, have Christ alone before your eyes, and His Father in your prayers, being enlightened by the Spirit. May I take pleasure in your purity, as that of Elijah, or as of Joshua the son of Nun, as of Melchizedek, or as of Elisha, as of Jeremiah, or as of John the Baptist, as of the beloved disciple, as of Timothy, as of Titus, as of Evodius, as of Clement, who departed this life in perfect chastity. Not, however, that I blame the other blessed saints because they entered into the married state, of which I have just spoken. For I pray that, being found worthy of God, I
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Athenagoras, The Resurrection of the Dead Background
...e the distinction between male and female does not exist in souls. Nor do they have any ability for sexual relations, or any desire for them. And where there is no desire, there can be no sexual relations. Where there are no sexual relations at all, there can be no lawful sexual union, that is, marriage. And where there is no lawful union, there can also be no unlawful desire for, or sexual relations with, another man's wife, that is, adultery. Again, the command against theft, or against the desire to have more, does not apply to souls. Souls do not need the things for which men usually steal or rob because of natural poverty or lack, such as gold, silver, an animal, or something else suited for food, shelter, or use. For to an immortal nature, everything that needy people desire as useful is useless. But the fuller discussion of these matters should be left to those who want to examine each point more exactly, or to argue more earnestly with opponents. Since what has just been said, together with what agrees with it in proving the resurrection, is enough for us, it would not be fitting to spend more time on these things. For our aim has not been to leave out nothing that could
Common Questions
Did early Christians see fornication as a sin?
Yes. Hermas, Justin Martyr, Theophilus, Clement, Tertullian, Cyprian, and the Apostolic Constitutions all treat fornication as wrong and call Christians to chastity.
Did early Christians think fornication affected salvation?
Many early writers tied fornication to warnings about not inheriting the kingdom of God, especially when citing Galatians 5:19, Ephesians 5:5, and 1 Corinthians 6:18.
Did early Christians also warn against lustful thoughts?
Yes. Hermas and Theophilus both say purity includes what enters the heart and mind, not only outward actions.
Source Index for Fornication
The guided sections above show the strongest quotations. This compact index highlights 152 ranked source links from 195 compiled sources for deeper study.
Source index 152 ranked links shown
Early Christian Writings 80 shown of 123
Primary-source quotations from early Christian writers and church documents.
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Unknown, Unknown Work
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Didache, Connection to Exodus 20:13-14
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Unknown, Unknown Work
Bible Passages 72 included
Related Bible passages saved for comparison with the early Christian quotations.
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Book 79 1:11