Sources for: What is believer's baptism in Anabaptist teaching?
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Early Christian Writings 1 included
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…t off all delay and slowness in our words, to put aside the twists of human speech, and to set down only those things that God speaks, by which Christ urges His servants to martyrdom. Those divine commands themselves should be provided, as if they were weapons for the fighters. Let them be the call of the war trumpet. Let them be the battle cry for the warriors. Let the ears be stirred by them. Let the minds be made ready by them. Let the powers of both soul and body be strengthened by them for every endurance of affliction. Let us, who by the Lord's permission have given the first baptism to believers, also prepare each one for the second, urging and teaching that this is a baptism greater in grace, higher in power, more precious in honor—a baptism in which angels baptize—a baptism in which God and His Christ rejoice—a baptism after which no one sins anymore—a baptism that completes the growth of our faith—a baptism that, as we depart from the world, immediately joins us to God. In the baptism of water, the remission of sins is received; in the baptism of blood, the crown of virtues. This must be embraced and desired, and asked for in all the pleas of our prayers, so that we who a…
Bible Passages 1 included
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Continue in Sin After Being Forgiven? Romans 6 And somehow Anabaptists have largely lost this. I don't think all of them have, but it says this about baptism. "Baptism shall be given to all those who have learned repentance and amendment of life and who believe truly that their sins are taken away by Christ and to all those who walk in the resurrection of Jesus Christ and wish to be buried with him in death so that they may be resurrected with him and to all those who with this significance req...
Related Resources 8 included
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From The Beginning It Was Not So #3 - Bill Shiley
And they began as students of Zwingli. But when he began to compromise, they withdrew, and they continued praying and studying together and discussing what it meant to follow Jesus. And on January 25th of 1525, they got to the point they were convinced that baptism as a responsible believer was necessary for salvation, and they rebaptized each other, which was against the decree of the city council. And because of that, that iconic action of simple obedience, they were termed Anabaptist, which was originally a negative term, a mockery. But that was just an icon. That issue of baptism was just an icon or a representation of what they were willing to suffer to, in a very simple, practical way, obey Jesus.
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Menno-Protestants 2 - David Bercot
The Father, all he does, he sees the blood of Christ, and that covers you. He doesn't see your sin. He sees the blood of Christ." I mean, I heard sermons like that all the time. All right. So yeah, I'd say if you believe in imputed righteousness, you don't fit my definition of an Anabaptist, okay? It's not copyrighted. You can still call yourself one. All right. The third one and final is how do we view the Sermon on the Mount? Now, both the early Christians and the original Anabaptists, they viewed the Sermon on the Mount as the law of Christ, that's how the Dortrek Confession calls it, as being a central teaching of Christianity. They would say that in addition to having genuine faith in Christ and having been baptized as a believer, living by the Sermon on the Mount is something that defines a real Christian.
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Hebrews 6:4-6 - Scariest verse in the Bible Explained - Can you LOSE your SALVATION? Jason Willis
But Christ was crucified once, and he died for sin once. And so there is but one, not several, baptisms. Since they crucify again for themselves the Son of God and put him to open shame." So there's a few reasons why I may have never heard this before. I think it's possible because of two relatively popular beliefs. One is that baptism is a symbol. In today's culture, baptism is mostly taught as being merely a symbol, an unnecessary symbol of a reality that has already taken place in the believer's life. With this predominant teaching, it makes perfect sense that we don't hear about people lining up to wash their sins away a second time. Many people don't even get in the water the first time.
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Separation from the World: Lessons from Early Anabaptists
Now, I'm going to just kind of make a couple of caveats about some terms and so on. This term Anabaptism, I really don't like it. I really don't like it. In fact, I have stopped referring to myself as an Anabaptist. Now, I can't get away from the term completely because it has such currency today. In fact, people will say, "Well, you know I'm an Anabaptist," and so on. Well, Anabaptist literally means rebaptizer, a person who's been baptized a second time. And it's a term that these believers who practiced Believers' Baptism were given as a nickname, as a derogatory nickname that was given to them by the detractors.
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Continue in Sin After Being Forgiven? Romans 6
And somehow Anabaptists have largely lost this. I don't think all of them have, but it says this about baptism. "Baptism shall be given to all those who have learned repentance and amendment of life and who believe truly that their sins are taken away by Christ and to all those who walk in the resurrection of Jesus Christ and wish to be buried with him in death so that they may be resurrected with him and to all those who with this significance request it of us." So yeah, the original teaching was the significance of baptism is you're dying with Christ and raised to new life. And they said, "The people who are ready to be baptized with that significance is who we will give baptism to." But like you say, somehow the Schleinheim Confession has kind of gotten buried under a lot of different Protestant creeds over the centuries.
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Gospel Simplicity, Austin Suggs Interviews David Bercot. Why Did You Choose Anabaptism?
It's sometimes called the Radical Reformation when it started. Anabaptist just means rebaptizer. It was a name their enemies gave them because they believed in believers' baptism. And so they didn't accept infant baptism. And so they were persecuted not only by the Roman Catholics, but equally as much by the Lutherans, by Calvin, by Zwingli, put to death by all three of those, the reformers and their followers. So yeah, they lived in persecution until they finally came to America. And most of them ended up moving to the United States to escape persecution because yeah, it continued all the way into the 1700s. They weren't being put to death at that point, at least by the Protestants, but they were still being jailed and things like that.
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"Sacred Roots: The Anabaptists, the Sacraments, and the Words of Jesus" by Dean Taylor
He says, we have evidence enough from the word of God to convince us that baptism for the forgiveness of sins is a gospel doctrine, that in this institution, the believer can have all his sins washed away. But how astonishing it is that so many of our modern Christians should overlook and set at not this part of the counsel of God. They will not have the forgiveness of sins to be connected with baptism. It's too mean, too contemptible, a thing to be connected with salvation. They have become wiser than Christ, the apostles, the old fathers, and therefore will not suffer baptism to be a means of salvation. Very strong. You, you, they had like general conferences where they're, they're all even discussing what to do with ministers who don't use this kind of language in their, um, in their groups.
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"Sacred Roots: The Anabaptists, the Sacraments, and the Words of Jesus" by Dean Taylor
Hello, brother John. Uh, if baptism is connected so closely with the washing of sins, and I'm not talking about baptism or regeneration, but those two are held pretty closely together, then why did the early church require a two-year instruction to catechumens before they baptized them? I mean, they put baptism two years off into the future if you became a believer. Yeah, it's, it's a great question. And, and again, I'm glad you brought up the term baptism regeneration. I don't like the term. Um, I don't like transubstantiation and I don't like baptism regeneration because both seem to imply something that I don't think is correct. You can, you scientifically explain yourself away, but if baptism regeneration, what tends to people mean is that you are illuminated and everything starts in the water itself.
Related Resources
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Romans 6
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Hebrews 6:4-6
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baptism as a responsible believer
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first baptism to believers
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Continue in Sin After Being Forgiven? Romans 6
And somehow Anabaptists have largely lost this. I don't think all of them have, but it says this about baptism. "Baptism shall be given to all t...
Answer Preview
Believer’s baptism in Anabaptist teaching is baptism given to those who have repented, believed in Christ, and consciously desire to walk in the new life pictured in Romans 6. It rejects infant baptism because infants cannot yet learn repentance, confess faith, request baptism, or commit themselves to following Jesus. Historic Anabaptist teaching also treated baptism as more than an empty symbol: it was tied to forgiveness, discipleship, death to sin, and entrance into an obedient life under Christ.
The Short Answer
Believer’s baptism in Anabaptist teaching is baptism for people who personally repent, believe in Christ, and ask to be baptized as disciples of Jesus. It is not baptism for infants, not because children are despised, but because baptism is understood as the act of a responsible believer who has learned repentance, trusts that sins are taken away by Christ, and intends to walk in resurrection life.
That is why early Anabaptists were called “rebaptizers.” Their opponents said they were baptizing people a second time. The Anabaptists answered, in effect, that infant baptism had not been the believer’s own baptism at all.
Why This Question Matters
The question is not merely, “How much water should be used?” or “At what age should baptism happen?” The deeper question is: What kind of response does Jesus call for when a person enters the Christian life?
Anabaptist teaching connected baptism with discipleship. Bill Shiley describes the early Anabaptist action of January 1525 as “simple obedience,” when believers became convinced that baptism as a responsible believer was necessary and baptized one another despite the decree of the city council. That act became a public line in the sand: Christ’s command mattered more than religious custom or civil pressure.
Another teaching segment explains that “Anabaptist” was originally a mocking name, meaning “rebaptizer,” given to those who practiced believers’ baptism rather than infant baptism. So the name itself came from controversy. But the heart of the issue was not novelty. It was the conviction that baptism belongs to repentant believers who knowingly follow Jesus.
What Scripture Says
The central biblical picture is found in Romans 6. In the Anabaptist teaching cited in connection with that chapter, baptism is described as being “buried with him in death” so that the believer may be “resurrected with him.” That is not a casual religious ceremony. It is a death-and-resurrection sign: the old life is renounced, and the baptized person rises to live differently.
The same teaching quotes the early Anabaptist confession this way: “Baptism shall be given to all those who have learned repentance and amendment of life and who believe truly that their sins are taken away by Christ.” It continues by saying baptism is for those who “walk in the resurrection of Jesus Christ” and who “wish to be buried with him in death so that they may be resurrected with him.”
That wording matters. It gives several marks of the person to be baptized:
- the person has learned repentance;
- the person intends amendment of life;
- the person truly believes sins are taken away by Christ;
- the person wants to be buried and raised with Christ;
- the person requests baptism with that meaning.
This is why believer’s baptism is not merely “adult baptism.” An adult could receive water without repentance. Anabaptist teaching is more specific: baptism belongs to a believer who is turning from sin and entering a life of obedience to Jesus.
Hebrews is also important because early Christian and Anabaptist discussions often treated baptism as a serious, once-for-all entrance into the Christian life. A teaching on Hebrews 6:4-6 connects the warning of falling away with the fact that Christ died once and that there is “one, not several, baptisms.” The point made there is not that water has magical power, but that baptism should not be reduced to an optional symbol that can be repeated carelessly. It is bound up with the believer’s decisive turning to Christ.
How the Earliest Christians Understood This
The early Christian witness supports the seriousness of baptism as something given to believers. In Cyprian’s treatise on martyrdom, he speaks of Christians who had “given the first baptism to believers” and then prepared them for a “second” baptism, meaning martyrdom. His language in Treatise 11 is striking because he assumes baptism is given to believers, and he treats it as a real spiritual beginning, not a decorative ritual.
The early witness does not make Cyprian equal to Scripture. But it does show that ancient Christians could speak naturally of baptism as belonging to believers and as a weighty Christian act. That fits the Anabaptist concern: baptism should not be emptied of repentance, faith, and discipleship.
Dean Taylor’s study, “Sacred Roots: The Anabaptists, the Sacraments, and the Words of Jesus”, also highlights that earlier Anabaptists and related Christian witnesses spoke strongly about baptism “for the forgiveness of sins” and resisted the idea that baptism was too lowly to be connected with salvation. At the same time, another part of the same study cautions against the phrase “baptism regeneration” when it suggests that everything begins mechanically “in the water itself” apart from living faith and repentance.
So the historic Anabaptist emphasis is neither bare symbolism nor magic. Baptism is a commanded, grace-filled response of faith, joined to repentance, forgiveness, and a new life in Christ.
Common Misunderstandings
1. “Believer’s baptism means baptism is only a symbol.” Not in the stronger Anabaptist teaching represented here. Some modern Christians treat baptism as “merely a symbol,” but the teaching on Hebrews 6 and one baptism warns against that reduction. Baptism signifies death and resurrection with Christ, but it is not treated as an unnecessary emblem.
2. “Anabaptists believed the water works automatically.” That is also a misunderstanding. The Anabaptist description requires repentance, faith, amendment of life, and a willing request. Baptism is for a believer, not for an unrepentant person relying on a ritual.
3. “Believer’s baptism is just opposition to infant baptism.” It includes rejection of infant baptism, but the positive teaching is bigger: baptism belongs to disciples who knowingly follow Jesus. David Bercot notes that the original Anabaptists were known for believers’ baptism and rejection of infant baptism, but he also connects Anabaptist identity with a wider life of obedience.
4. “Baptism can be separated from the Sermon on the Mount.” Historic Anabaptist teaching did not treat baptism as a substitute for discipleship. In a discussion of Anabaptist identity, David Bercot says that the early Christians and original Anabaptists viewed the Sermon on the Mount as the “law of Christ,” and that genuine faith, believer’s baptism, and living by Jesus’ teaching belong together.
What This Means for Christians Today
Believer’s baptism asks a searching question: Have I personally turned to Christ in repentance and faith, intending to walk in newness of life?
For someone baptized as an infant, Anabaptist teaching raises a direct challenge. If baptism is for those who have learned repentance, believed the gospel, and requested baptism as a conscious burial and resurrection with Christ, then infant baptism does not fit that pattern. The issue is not whether parents were sincere. The issue is whether the baptized person was acting as a believing disciple.
For someone who has already been baptized as a believer, the question is also serious: Am I living the meaning of my baptism? Romans 6 does not let baptism remain in the past as a memory. It presses the believer toward death to sin and life with Christ.
Keep Studying
Start with Romans 6 and its picture of burial and resurrection with Christ. Then consider the warning and seriousness connected with Hebrews 6:4-6.
For Anabaptist history and meaning, study Bill Shiley on responsible believer’s baptism in 1525 and the explanation of the term Anabaptist as “rebaptizer”. For the early Christian witness, see Cyprian’s reference to the first baptism given to believers. Dean Taylor’s study on the Anabaptists, the sacraments, and the words of Jesus explores why baptism was historically connected with forgiveness, salvation, and obedient faith.