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Strong's Concordance
Hebrew Word Study

Strong's H8199 שָׁפַט (shaphat)

Shaphat means “judge” — full meaning, definition, and every linked Bible usage across the indexed canon.

Strong's Number H8199
Language Hebrew
Linked Usages 182
Books 31

Strong's H8199 Quick Answer

Strong's H8199 שָׁפַט (shaphat) is a Hebrew Strong's word-study entry. shaphat (shaw-fat') v. 1. to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against) 2. (by implication) to vindicate or punish It has 182 linked Bible usages across 31 books. Visible English usage signals include judge and against. Indexed coverage on this page includes Old Testament.

Meaning
shaphat (shaw-fat') v. 1. to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against) 2. (by implication) to vindicate or punish
Usage
182 linked usages
Books
31 indexed books
Corpus
Old Testament
Usage Words
judge and against

Meaning and Definition

shaphat (shaw-fat') v. 1. to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against) 2. (by implication) to vindicate or punish 3. (by extenssion) to govern 4. (passively, literally or figuratively) to litigate [a primitive root] KJV: + avenge, X that condemn, contend, defend, execute (judgment), (be a) judge(-ment), X needs, plead, reason, rule.

Original Word
שָׁפַט
Transliteration
shaphat
Derivation
Root: שׁפט
Morphology
verb

Across Lexicons

How independent scholarly lexicons define Strong's H8199. Each definition is shown with its source so you can compare and cite the original reference works.

Extended Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (Brown-Driver-Briggs based)

to judge

Usage: 1) to judge, govern, vindicate, punish 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to act as law-giver or judge or governor (of God, man) 1a1a) to rule, govern, judge 1a2) to decide controversy (of God, man) 1a3) to execute judgment 1a3a) discriminating (of man) 1a3b) vindicating 1a3c) condemning and punishing 1a3d) at theophanic advent for final judgment 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to enter into controversy, plead, have controversy together 1b2) to be judged 1c) (Poel) judge, opponent-at-law (participle)

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How Strong's H8199 Is Translated

The English word each shown verse actually uses to render shaphat, taken from the interlinear word alignment (the same word underlined in the excerpts below). Where a rendering is used more than once, the count is shown.

judge Genesis 16:5 56× against Deuteronomy 19:18

How Strong's H8199 Usage Compares

Indexed coverage includes Old Testament. Each section below keeps corpus counts and sample passages visible so readers can compare the word across contexts instead of reading one flat concordance list.

  • The largest indexed corpus on this page is Old Testament with 182 linked usages.
  • The linked rows are Old Testament Hebrew usage, grouped by book for fast canonical scanning.

Strong's H8199 by Corpus

Indexed usage grouped by testament and extended corpus so readers can compare this word across the Bible, Septuagint, deuterocanonical books, and 1 Enoch where present.

Strong's H8199 in the Old Testament

182 indexed usages in Old Testament.

Genesis 16:5 KJV

And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I have given my maid into thy bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LORD judge between me and thee.

Genesis 18:25 KJV

That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?

Genesis 19:9 KJV

And they said, Stand back. And they said again, This one fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge: now will we deal worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore upon the man, even Lot, and came near to break the door.

Usage Excerpts

First 120 linked usage excerpts for Strong's H8199.

Genesis 16:5 Old Testament, KJV
And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I have given my maid into thy bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LORD judge between me and thee.
Genesis 18:25 Old Testament, KJV
That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?
Genesis 19:9 Old Testament, KJV
And they said, Stand back. And they said again, This one fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge: now will we deal worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore upon the man, even Lot, and came near to break the door.
Genesis 31:53 Old Testament, KJV
The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the fear of his father Isaac.
Exodus 2:14 Old Testament, KJV
And he said, Who made thee a prince and a judge over us? intendest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? And Moses feared, and said, Surely this thing is known.
Exodus 5:21 Old Testament, KJV
And they said unto them, The LORD look upon you, and judge; because ye have made our savour to be abhorred in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his servants, to put a sword in their hand to slay us.
Exodus 18:13 Old Testament, KJV
And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the people: and the people stood by Moses from the morning unto the evening.
Exodus 18:16 Old Testament, KJV
When they have a matter, they come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them know the statutes of God, and his laws.
Exodus 18:22 Old Testament, KJV
And let them judge the people at all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge: so shall it be easier for thyself, and they shall bear the burden with thee.
Exodus 18:26 Old Testament, KJV
And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.
Leviticus 19:15 Old Testament, KJV
Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour.
Numbers 25:5 Old Testament, KJV
And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baalpeor.
Numbers 35:24 Old Testament, KJV
Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:
Deuteronomy 1:16 Old Testament, KJV
And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him.
Deuteronomy 16:18 Old Testament, KJV
Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment.
Deuteronomy 17:9 Old Testament, KJV
And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment:
Deuteronomy 17:12 Old Testament, KJV
And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.
Deuteronomy 19:17 Old Testament, KJV
Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;
Deuteronomy 19:18 Old Testament, KJV
And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;
Deuteronomy 21:2 Old Testament, KJV
Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:
Deuteronomy 25:1 Old Testament, KJV
If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.
Deuteronomy 25:2 Old Testament, KJV
And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number.
Joshua 8:33 Old Testament, KJV
And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, as well the stranger, as he that was born among them; half of them over against mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount Ebal; as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded before, that they should bless the people of Israel.
Joshua 23:2 Old Testament, KJV
And Joshua called for all Israel, and for their elders, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers, and said unto them, I am old and stricken in age:
Joshua 24:1 Old Testament, KJV
And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and called for the elders of Israel, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before God.
Judges 2:16 Old Testament, KJV
Nevertheless the LORD raised up judges, which delivered them out of the hand of those that spoiled them.
Judges 2:17 Old Testament, KJV
And yet they would not hearken unto their judges, but they went a whoring after other gods, and bowed themselves unto them: they turned quickly out of the way which their fathers walked in, obeying the commandments of the LORD; but they did not so.
Judges 2:18 Old Testament, KJV
And when the LORD raised them up judges, then the LORD was with the judge, and delivered them out of the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge: for it repented the LORD because of their groanings by reason of them that oppressed them and vexed them.
Judges 2:19 Old Testament, KJV
And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned, and corrupted themselves more than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to bow down unto them; they ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way.
Judges 3:10 Old Testament, KJV
And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he judged Israel, and went out to war: and the LORD delivered Chushanrishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand; and his hand prevailed against Chushanrishathaim.
Judges 4:4 Old Testament, KJV
And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, she judged Israel at that time.
Judges 10:2 Old Testament, KJV
And he judged Israel twenty and three years, and died, and was buried in Shamir.
Judges 10:3 Old Testament, KJV
And after him arose Jair, a Gileadite, and judged Israel twenty and two years.
Judges 11:27 Old Testament, KJV
Wherefore I have not sinned against thee, but thou doest me wrong to war against me: the LORD the Judge be judge this day between the children of Israel and the children of Ammon.
Judges 12:7 Old Testament, KJV
And Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then died Jephthah the Gileadite, and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead.
Judges 12:8 Old Testament, KJV
And after him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel.
Judges 12:9 Old Testament, KJV
And he had thirty sons, and thirty daughters, whom he sent abroad, and took in thirty daughters from abroad for his sons. And he judged Israel seven years.
Judges 12:11 Old Testament, KJV
And after him Elon, a Zebulonite, judged Israel; and he judged Israel ten years.
Judges 12:13 Old Testament, KJV
And after him Abdon the son of Hillel, a Pirathonite, judged Israel.
Judges 12:14 Old Testament, KJV
And he had forty sons and thirty nephews, that rode on threescore and ten ass colts: and he judged Israel eight years.
Judges 15:20 Old Testament, KJV
And he judged Israel in the days of the Philistines twenty years.
Judges 16:31 Old Testament, KJV
Then his brethren and all the house of his father came down, and took him, and brought him up, and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol in the buryingplace of Manoah his father. And he judged Israel twenty years.
Ruth 1:1 Old Testament, KJV
Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Bethlehemjudah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.
1 Samuel 3:13 Old Testament, KJV
For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and he restrained them not.
1 Samuel 4:18 Old Testament, KJV
And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years.
1 Samuel 7:6 Old Testament, KJV
And they gathered together to Mizpeh, and drew water, and poured it out before the LORD, and fasted on that day, and said there, We have sinned against the LORD. And Samuel judged the children of Israel in Mizpeh.
1 Samuel 7:15 Old Testament, KJV
And Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life.
1 Samuel 7:16 Old Testament, KJV
And he went from year to year in circuit to Bethel, and Gilgal, and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in all those places.
1 Samuel 7:17 Old Testament, KJV
And his return was to Ramah; for there was his house; and there he judged Israel; and there he built an altar unto the LORD.
1 Samuel 8:1 Old Testament, KJV
And it came to pass, when Samuel was old, that he made his sons judges over Israel.
1 Samuel 8:2 Old Testament, KJV
Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abiah: they were judges in Beersheba.
1 Samuel 8:5 Old Testament, KJV
And said unto him, Behold, thou art old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways: now make us a king to judge us like all the nations.
1 Samuel 8:6 Old Testament, KJV
But the thing displeased Samuel, when they said, Give us a king to judge us. And Samuel prayed unto the LORD.
1 Samuel 8:20 Old Testament, KJV
That we also may be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles.
1 Samuel 12:7 Old Testament, KJV
Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD of all the righteous acts of the LORD, which he did to you and to your fathers.
1 Samuel 24:12 Old Testament, KJV
The LORD judge between me and thee, and the LORD avenge me of thee: but mine hand shall not be upon thee.
1 Samuel 24:15 Old Testament, KJV
The LORD therefore be judge, and judge between me and thee, and see, and plead my cause, and deliver me out of thine hand.
2 Samuel 7:11 Old Testament, KJV
And as since the time that I commanded judges to be over my people Israel, and have caused thee to rest from all thine enemies. Also the LORD telleth thee that he will make thee an house.
2 Samuel 15:4 Old Testament, KJV
Absalom said moreover, Oh that I were made judge in the land, that every man which hath any suit or cause might come unto me, and I would do him justice!
2 Samuel 18:19 Old Testament, KJV
Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok, Let me now run, and bear the king tidings, how that the LORD hath avenged him of his enemies.
2 Samuel 18:31 Old Testament, KJV
And, behold, Cushi came; and Cushi said, Tidings, my lord the king: for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.
1 Kings 3:9 Old Testament, KJV
Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people?
1 Kings 3:28 Old Testament, KJV
And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged; and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment.
1 Kings 7:7 Old Testament, KJV
Then he made a porch for the throne where he might judge, even the porch of judgment: and it was covered with cedar from one side of the floor to the other.
1 Kings 8:32 Old Testament, KJV
Then hear thou in heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, condemning the wicked, to bring his way upon his head; and justifying the righteous, to give him according to his righteousness.
2 Kings 15:5 Old Testament, KJV
And the LORD smote the king, so that he was a leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a several house. And Jotham the king's son was over the house, judging the people of the land.
2 Kings 23:22 Old Testament, KJV
Surely there was not holden such a passover from the days of the judges that judged Israel, nor in all the days of the kings of Israel, nor of the kings of Judah;
1 Chronicles 16:33 Old Testament, KJV
Then shall the trees of the wood sing out at the presence of the LORD, because he cometh to judge the earth.
1 Chronicles 17:6 Old Testament, KJV
Wheresoever I have walked with all Israel, spake I a word to any of the judges of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people, saying, Why have ye not built me an house of cedars?
1 Chronicles 17:10 Old Testament, KJV
And since the time that I commanded judges to be over my people Israel. Moreover I will subdue all thine enemies. Furthermore I tell thee that the LORD will build thee an house.
1 Chronicles 23:4 Old Testament, KJV
Of which, twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work of the house of the LORD; and six thousand were officers and judges:
1 Chronicles 26:29 Old Testament, KJV
Of the Izharites, Chenaniah and his sons were for the outward business over Israel, for officers and judges.
2 Chronicles 1:2 Old Testament, KJV
Then Solomon spake unto all Israel, to the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and to the judges, and to every governor in all Israel, the chief of the fathers.
2 Chronicles 1:10 Old Testament, KJV
Give me now wisdom and knowledge, that I may go out and come in before this people: for who can judge this thy people, that is so great?
2 Chronicles 1:11 Old Testament, KJV
And God said to Solomon, Because this was in thine heart, and thou hast not asked riches, wealth, or honour, nor the life of thine enemies, neither yet hast asked long life; but hast asked wisdom and knowledge for thyself, that thou mayest judge my people, over whom I have made thee king:
2 Chronicles 6:23 Old Testament, KJV
Then hear thou from heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, by requiting the wicked, by recompensing his way upon his own head; and by justifying the righteous, by giving him according to his righteousness.
2 Chronicles 19:5 Old Testament, KJV
And he set judges in the land throughout all the fenced cities of Judah, city by city,
2 Chronicles 19:6 Old Testament, KJV
And said to the judges, Take heed what ye do: for ye judge not for man, but for the LORD, who is with you in the judgment.
2 Chronicles 20:12 Old Testament, KJV
O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we have no might against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we what to do: but our eyes are upon thee.
2 Chronicles 22:8 Old Testament, KJV
And it came to pass, that, when Jehu was executing judgment upon the house of Ahab, and found the princes of Judah, and the sons of the brethren of Ahaziah, that ministered to Ahaziah, he slew them.
2 Chronicles 26:21 Old Testament, KJV
And Uzziah the king was a leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a several house, being a leper; for he was cut off from the house of the LORD: and Jotham his son was over the king's house, judging the people of the land.
Ezra 10:14 Old Testament, KJV
Let now our rulers of all the congregation stand, and let all them which have taken strange wives in our cities come at appointed times, and with them the elders of every city, and the judges thereof, until the fierce wrath of our God for this matter be turned from us.
Job 9:15 Old Testament, KJV
Whom, though I were righteous, yet would I not answer, but I would make supplication to my judge.
Job 9:24 Old Testament, KJV
The earth is given into the hand of the wicked: he covereth the faces of the judges thereof; if not, where, and who is he?
Job 12:17 Old Testament, KJV
He leadeth counsellors away spoiled, and maketh the judges fools.
Job 21:22 Old Testament, KJV
Shall any teach God knowledge? seeing he judgeth those that are high.
Job 22:13 Old Testament, KJV
And thou sayest, How doth God know? can he judge through the dark cloud?
Job 23:7 Old Testament, KJV
There the righteous might dispute with him; so should I be delivered for ever from my judge.
Psalms 2:10 Old Testament, KJV
Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth.
Psalms 7:8 Old Testament, KJV
The LORD shall judge the people: judge me, O LORD, according to my righteousness, and according to mine integrity that is in me.
Psalms 7:11 Old Testament, KJV
God judgeth the righteous, and God is angry with the wicked every day.
Psalms 9:4 Old Testament, KJV
For thou hast maintained my right and my cause; thou satest in the throne judging right.
Psalms 9:8 Old Testament, KJV
And he shall judge the world in righteousness, he shall minister judgment to the people in uprightness.
Psalms 9:19 Old Testament, KJV
Arise, O LORD; let not man prevail: let the heathen be judged in thy sight.
Psalms 10:18 Old Testament, KJV
To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress.
Psalms 26:1 Old Testament, KJV
Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity: I have trusted also in the LORD; therefore I shall not slide.
Psalms 35:24 Old Testament, KJV
Judge me, O LORD my God, according to thy righteousness; and let them not rejoice over me.
Psalms 37:33 Old Testament, KJV
The LORD will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him when he is judged.
Psalms 43:1 Old Testament, KJV
Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation: O deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man.
Psalms 50:6 Old Testament, KJV
And the heavens shall declare his righteousness: for God is judge himself. Selah.
Psalms 51:4 Old Testament, KJV
Against thee, thee only, have I sinned, and done this evil in thy sight: that thou mightest be justified when thou speakest, and be clear when thou judgest.
Psalms 58:1 Old Testament, KJV
Do ye indeed speak righteousness, O congregation? do ye judge uprightly, O ye sons of men?
Psalms 58:11 Old Testament, KJV
So that a man shall say, Verily there is a reward for the righteous: verily he is a God that judgeth in the earth.
Psalms 67:4 Old Testament, KJV
O let the nations be glad and sing for joy: for thou shalt judge the people righteously, and govern the nations upon earth. Selah.
Psalms 72:4 Old Testament, KJV
He shall judge the poor of the people, he shall save the children of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor.
Psalms 75:2 Old Testament, KJV
When I shall receive the congregation I will judge uprightly.
Psalms 75:7 Old Testament, KJV
But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up another.
Psalms 82:1 Old Testament, KJV
God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods.
Psalms 82:2 Old Testament, KJV
How long will ye judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? Selah.
Psalms 82:3 Old Testament, KJV
Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy.
Psalms 82:8 Old Testament, KJV
Arise, O God, judge the earth: for thou shalt inherit all nations.
Psalms 94:2 Old Testament, KJV
Lift up thyself, thou judge of the earth: render a reward to the proud.
Psalms 96:13 Old Testament, KJV
Before the LORD: for he cometh, for he cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the world with righteousness, and the people with his truth.
Psalms 98:9 Old Testament, KJV
Before the LORD; for he cometh to judge the earth: with righteousness shall he judge the world, and the people with equity.
Psalms 109:7 Old Testament, KJV
When he shall be judged, let him be condemned: and let his prayer become sin.
Psalms 109:31 Old Testament, KJV
For he shall stand at the right hand of the poor, to save him from those that condemn his soul.
Psalms 141:6 Old Testament, KJV
When their judges are overthrown in stony places, they shall hear my words; for they are sweet.
Psalms 148:11 Old Testament, KJV
Kings of the earth, and all people; princes, and all judges of the earth:
Proverbs 8:16 Old Testament, KJV
By me princes rule, and nobles, even all the judges of the earth.
Proverbs 29:9 Old Testament, KJV
If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage or laugh, there is no rest.

All Indexed Usage Links

Every indexed verse link for Strong's H8199, grouped by book.

Genesis 4 usages, Old Testament
Exodus 6 usages, Old Testament
Leviticus 1 usage, Old Testament
Numbers 2 usages, Old Testament
Deuteronomy 9 usages, Old Testament
Joshua 3 usages, Old Testament
Judges 17 usages, Old Testament
Ruth 1 usage, Old Testament
1 Samuel 14 usages, Old Testament
2 Samuel 4 usages, Old Testament
1 Kings 4 usages, Old Testament
2 Kings 2 usages, Old Testament
1 Chronicles 5 usages, Old Testament
2 Chronicles 9 usages, Old Testament
Ezra 1 usage, Old Testament
Job 6 usages, Old Testament
Psalms 30 usages, Old Testament
Proverbs 4 usages, Old Testament
Ecclesiastes 1 usage, Old Testament
Isaiah 15 usages, Old Testament
Jeremiah 4 usages, Old Testament
Lamentations 1 usage, Old Testament
Ezekiel 25 usages, Old Testament
Daniel 1 usage, Old Testament
Hosea 2 usages, Old Testament
Joel 2 usages, Old Testament
Amos 1 usage, Old Testament
Obadiah 1 usage, Old Testament
Micah 4 usages, Old Testament
Zephaniah 1 usage, Old Testament
Zechariah 2 usages, Old Testament

Strong's H8199 FAQ

What does shaphat (שָׁפַט) mean?

Shaphat (Strong's H8199) is a Hebrew word most simply glossed "judge". shaphat (shaw-fat') v. 1. to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against) 2. (by implication) to vindicate or punish

How many times is shaphat (שָׁפַט) used in the Bible?

This page currently indexes 182 linked usages for Strong's H8199 across 31 books.

Where can I study shaphat (שָׁפַט) in context?

Use the linked verse references on this page to study Strong's H8199 in context. The indexed coverage includes Old Testament.

What English words translate shaphat (שָׁפַט)?

The visible usage excerpts most often surface English words such as judge and against. These are scanning signals from the displayed verses, not replacements for the original-language definition.